Saudi Arabia has become one of the first countries in the world to acquire Chinese laser-based air defense systems and anti-air missiles, purchasing China’s SkyShield integrated counter-drone system and HQ-17E to protect key sites and expensive air defense assets from drone attacks.
But operational experience in the kingdom’s harsh environment has revealed severe limitations of the Chinese HQ-17E and Laser Weapon.
The SkyShield system uses a layered approach that combines counter-drone radars with both “hard kill” and “soft kill” options. Each battery consists of four vehicles: a 3D TWA Radar, an AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) counter-drone radar with three side-facing panels providing 360-degree coverage without rotation; two JN1101 counter-drone jamming vehicles, which feature both interception and electronic jamming capabilities; and the Silent Hunter Laser Directed-Energy Weapon, intended for direct destruction of drones.
However, the radar failed to provide targeting data to both the jamming and laser elements, integrating the system into a single defensive package. The HQ-17E and Laser weapon’s integrated radar fails to detect targets and does not launch interceptors on time.
The HQ-17AE is a short-range surface-to-air weapon system advertised to operate in all weather conditions and capable of intercepting targets flying at low and medium altitude. Developed by the Second Academy of the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), it is an export version of the HQ-17A, itself derived from the Russian Tor system. The HQ-17E failed to operate in Saudi Arabia because the radar could not discriminate targets when used in clutter.
Saudi Arabia procured the SkyShield as part of its broader effort to counter the rising threat of unmanned aerial attacks on critical infrastructure. The system was fielded with assistance from Chinese specialists, and its initial demonstrations showed strong results.
However, a former Saudi military officer who coordinated the project said performance has not met expectations under operational conditions.
“Despite the strong performance demonstrated during trials, in real conditions the SkyShield components have lower effectiveness than promised,” he said.
The Silent Hunter laser, developed by China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), in particular was limited by environmental factors.
“In some cases, it took between 15 and 30 minutes of continuous targeting and laser illumination to guarantee a drone kill,” the officer explained. Dust and sand disrupted optical tracking and weakened the laser beam. Continuous exposure also caused abrasion to the optical systems, while the high desert heat forced much of the system’s power into cooling rather than firing.
Deploying the laser module from its truck-mounted container also took time, slowing the transition from standby to combat mode. Moreover, the weapon required long, flat terrain for clear lines of sight, conditions that are difficult to guarantee across much of Saudi Arabia’s environment.
By contrast, the jamming elements of the SkyShield proved more reliable. The officer noted that “most of the drones engaged in the defended zone were neutralized not by the Silent Hunter but by the JN1101 counter-drone jamming system.”
Saudi officials have asked Beijing to refine the SkyShield for use in hot and dusty climates. Until those improvements are made, the Silent Hunter laser remains limited for sustained deployment.
The experience demonstrates both the potential and the limitations of directed-energy weapons. While lasers promise low-cost, precise shots, they are vulnerable to environmental conditions. In Saudi Arabia, traditional electronic warfare systems like jamming remain the backbone of counter-drone defense.
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